| ACROSS
1. The elementary stages of any subject (usually plural).
4. Hit hard.
8. How long something has existed.
11. The longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code.
12. American novelist (1909-1955).
13. A coenzyme derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.
14. An Arabic speaking person who lives in Arabia or North Africa.
16. An esoteric or occult matter that is traditionally secret.
18. English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984).
20. A white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light.
21. Before noon.
22. A city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders.
25. God of the earth.
28. Resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects.
32. An associate degree in applied science.
33. Formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross.
35. A river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine.
37. A soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group.
39. African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread.
43. Open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart.
47. Type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill.
48. Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey).
51. A plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots.
52. Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland.
54. Small cubes with 1 to 6 spots on the faces.
55. (Greek mythology) The winged goddess of the dawn in ancient mythology.
56. Primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves.
57. The 7th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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DOWN
1. (Babylonian) God of storms and wind.
2. Capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast.
3. A human female who does housework.
4. A state in northwestern United States on the Pacific.
5. A heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element.
6. A former agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States.
7. The state prevailing during the absence of war.
8. (Irish) Mother of the ancient Irish gods.
9. Offering fun and gaiety.
10. Mild yellow Dutch cheese made in balls.
15. The cry made by sheep.
17. A decree that prohibits something.
19. West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice.
23. 4-wheeled motor vehicle.
24. Hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta.
26. (Akkadian) God of wisdom.
27. A bachelor's degree in science.
29. The syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization.
30. An official prosecutor for a judicial district.
31. A colorless and odorless inert gas.
34. A Russian river.
36. A loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth.
38. A radioactive element of the actinide series.
40. In addition.
41. United States newspaper publisher (1858-1935).
42. Any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient Semitic peoples.
43. An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
44. An officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer.
45. Anything that serves as an enticement.
46. (Greek mythology) Goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology.
49. A humorous anecdote or remark.
50. A flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism.
53. A hard gray lustrous metallic element that is highly corrosion-resistant.
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